Designing incentive mechanisms that reward behaviors fostering trust and enhancing security, while penalizing malicious actions, is pivotal in blockchain ecosystems. The study “RepChain: A Reputation-based Secure, Fast and High Incentive Blockchain System via Sharding” introduces a reputation-based sharding and leader selection scheme that explicitly characterizes the heterogeneity among validators. By integrating a double-chain architecture, comprising a transaction chain and a reputation chain, RepChain employs a Raft-based synchronous consensus for high throughput and a synchronous Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism to achieve consensus on reputation scores and transaction blocks. This design not only enhances the system’s throughput and security but also provides high incentives to stimulate node cooperation, effectively promoting trustworthy behavior and penalizing malicious actions within the blockchain ecosystem. Furthermore, another study introduces a blockchain-based cyber threat intelligence sharing mechanism (B-CTISM) to address issues of free-riding and lack of trust among sharing members. By employing evolutionary game theory, the study demonstrates that appropriate incentive strategies can promote active participation and effectively curb free-riding behavior.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9211723

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/11/2454

https://blockchain-observatory.ec.europa.eu/news/ethical-guidelines-blockchain-systems-2024-05-15_en